- Research article
- Open access
- Published:
- Vinod kumar Nelson1,
- Nalini Kanta Sahoo2,
- Madhusmita Sahu2,
- Hari hara Sudhan1,
- Chitikela P. Pullaiah3 &
- …
- Kanuri Sai Muralikrishna2
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies volume20, Articlenumber:355 (2020) Cite this article
-
17k Accesses
-
50 Citations
-
1 Altmetric
-
Metrics details
Abstract
Backgrounds
Colon cancer is the third most deadly and one of the most diagnosed diseases in the world. Although routine screening and early detection during last decades has improved the survival, colon cancer still claims hundreds of thousands lives each year worldwide. Surgery and chemotherapy is mainstay of current treatment, nevertheless toxicity associated with this treatment underscores the urgency of demand of a better therapeutics. Close to 50% of current chemotherapeutic drugs are direct or indirect descendants compounds isolated from medicinal plants, which indicate plants are great potential sources of novel therapeutics. In our literature review we found Eclipta alba to posses many pharmacological activities, including those with anticancer potentials. However, no study on anticancer activity of this kind has been reported.
Methods
Phytochemicals were extracted by maceration method from shade dried whole plant of Eclipta alba using methanol as a solvent. The anticancer effect of extract was investigated on various cancer cell lines like human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), human prostate cancer (PC-3), Michigan cancer foundation-breast cancer (MCF-7) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC-45). We have also studied the effects on normal human embryonic lung fibroblast cell (WI-38) using MTT (methyl thiazoldiphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, clonogenic (colony formation) and migration assay. Finally obtained results were analyzed using ANNOVA and Dunnett’s test.
Results
Results obtained from MTT assay revealed that the methanolic extract of Eclipta alba carried significant (p < 0.005) specificity against HCT-116 cells as compared to the other cancer cells. This extract also showed minimal or nontoxicity to WI-38 cells. Migration as well as clonogenic assays also confirmed the anticancer potential of the extract against HCT-116 cells.
Conclusion
This is a unique finding of its kind because the specific anticancer effect with minimal toxicity on normal cells has not been reported on Eclipta alba extract. Finally this finding opens up a great possibility to develop a novel antitumor drug candidate against deadly colon cancer in the future.
Peer Review reports
Background
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low and middle-income countries. Opportunities to reduce the death rate from cancer through the discovery of new drugs are benefiting from the advances in technology and knowledge on neoplastic disease [1]. Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumor cells in a multistage process which include transition from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumor state. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person’s genetic factors with physical (ultra violet radiation), chemical (tobacco and asbestos) and biological (virus and bacteria) factors.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) or colon cancer positions as the second most lethal cancer and the third most prevalent malignant tumor worldwide. In 2018, of 1.8 million new CRC cases and 881,000 deaths were reported, which accounted for nearly 10% of new cancer cases and deaths worldwide [2]. There has been a great advancement in cancer treatment which enhanced the patient survival and quality of life. However, cancer related deaths are continuously rising [3]. Generally CRC in early stage appears as an abnormal growth on the inner walls of colon epithelium cells which can be removed by surgery if detected early. However, if the patient at earlier stage is left untreated, the cancer cells get metastasized to different sites on different organs when the cancer becomes even insensitive to chemotherapy [4].
Cancer develops as a result of deregulation of single and or multiple cellular mechanism(s) involved in, such as, cell division, and apoptosis that are required by normal growth and proliferation of healthy cells. Identifying the difference(s) in regulatory mechanism at play in cancer cell responsible for transformation, and specifically targeting that mechanism is the major task for drug development and candidate screening [5,6,7].
Current choices for the treatments of CRC are chemotherapy with single drug fluoropyrimidine and multiple agent regimens including oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and capecitabine. Moreover, the ideal CRC treatment is to achieve complete removal of the tumor and metastases, which mostly requires surgical interventions. In certain cases, chemotherapy or radiotherapy might be applied before or after surgery as neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment to maximally reduce and stabilize the tumor [8].
However, the existing treatment options for CRC are complex and associated with toxic side effects. Therefore, the researchers are in search of novel drug candidates with minimal toxicity towards the normal/noncancerous cells. Due to unique structural nature, vast diversity in their chemical properties and minimal toxicity, secondary metabolites available in medicinal plants are considered an attractive target for screening of novel drug candidates against the dreadful diseases such as cancer [9].
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk (synonym Eclipta prostrata) is an annual herbaceous plant, erect or prostrate, belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is also known as Bhringaraj in Ayurveda which has been in use for treating different ailments especially related to the liver and hair [10]. The herb has been known as antimycotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, anti-hemorrhagic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory and rejuvenating properties. Coumestan, wedelolactone, desmethylwedelolactone as well as β-sitosterol present in this plant are known for their antihepatotoxic, antioxidant and anticancer activities [11].
Wedelolactone was shown to induce apoptosis via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3., Oleanolic acid was shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cell through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eclalbasaponins and β-sitosterol was shown to kill cancer cells by apoptosis through induction of oxidative stress, and DNA damage [12, 13].
The present study mainly aims to evaluate anticancer potential of methanolic extract of Eclipta alba (L.) on various types of cancer cells HCT-116, PC-3, RCC-45, and MCF-7 through employing various assay methods such as morphological studies, cell viability, wound healing and colony formation assays. To evaluate general toxicity normal cell WI-38 was also included in the assays.
Methods
Cell lines and cell culture preparation
HCT-116, HT-29, WI-38, MCF-7, PC-3 and RCC-45 cell lines were obtained from NCCS Pune. HCT-116, and WI-38 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) and MCF-7, PC-3, and RCC-45 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium added with 10% FBS, 1% L-Glutamine, 0.1 mM (milli Molar) nonessential amino acid, and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were incubated in humidified incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2.
Collection of the plant
The whole plant of Eclipta alba for the proposed study was collected in the month of January, 2019 from the fields of Tirupati, India and authentication was confirmed by Dr. N. Savithramma, Professor of Botany. S. V. University, Tirupati, India, and the specimen voucher number 695 in the form of herbarium were deposited in the department.
Preparation of methanolic extract of Eclipta alba
The plant was shade dried and grounded into fine powder. Approximately 1000 g of plant powder was kept for extraction with about 1500 ml methanol for 3 days with frequent shaking to extract polar constituents like phytosterols, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids and different coumarin derivatives of the plant. Later the extract was collected by filtration using a whattman filter paper (Merck). This process was repeated for 3 times for nearly complete extraction of the all soluble constituents. The extract (pooled together all three batches of filtrates) was finally concentrated by evaporating the solvent with a rotary vacuum evaporator and kept at 4 °C till use. All chemical used in the present study were of analytical grade.
Sample preparation and treatment
Methanol extracts’ concentrate of Eclipta alba weighed exactly 100 mg was dissolved in 1 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored in − 20 °C until use. Cells were grown to ~ 70% confluence in a 24-well plate and treated with a range of concentrations such as 0-, 50-, 100-, 200-, 400- and 500 μg/ml of extract. The final concentration of the DMSO in the treatment was maintained at less than 0.25%. Each and every experiment was repeated for at least 3 times to acquire the data.
Cell viability assay
Cells were grown in respective media in 96-well plates to ~ 70% confluence and the cells were treated with different concentrations of extract along with the vehicle/DMSO control for about 24 h. Next, the media was aspirated to wash the cells with phosphate buffer Saline (PBS). MTT solution at 0.5 mg/ml was added to each well and the plate was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h in the dark following which the MTT solution was replaced with 200 μl of DMSO. The plate was shaken at 150 rpm for 5 min and the optical density was measured at 490 nm by using a plate reader (ELx 800; Biotek, Winooski, VT, USA). The experiment was repeated for at least 3 times before the data was calculated to plot a graph [14,15,16].
Morphology study
Cells were plated in 24-well plates and treated with DMSO or extract (at IC-50 concentration) for 24 h and after treatment period the image was capture by using phase contrast microscopy.
Clonogenic assay
Cells were grown to ~ 80% confluency and treated with specific concentration of vehicle or extract for 24 h. After 24 h cells were trypsinized and seeded at about 10 × 103 cells in each well of a 6-well plate and allowed to grow for 14 days. Next, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated with 0.5% crystal violet solution (containing 3.7% formaldehyde) for 30 min. Then the crystal violet was washed off with running tap water and plates were allowed to dry at room temperature. The image was captured and density was measured using Gel Doc XR + (Bio-Rad) [17].
Wound healing assay
Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and allowed to grow up to 80–90% confluency when a uniform scratch/wound in each well was made with a 10 μl pipette tip. The cells were washed with sterile PBS to remove the debris to treat with different concentrations of extract or vehicle for 24 h or 48 h following which images of the cells were obtained using an inverted microscope. All experiments were repeated three times to record the data [18].
Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as mean ± standard error mean multiple comparisons of the significant analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Dunnett’s test as post parametric test using computer based fitting program (Prism graph pad 5.0). A ‘p’ value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Eclipta alba methanol extract exhibits targeted anticancer effect against colon cancer cell line
Anticancer effect of methanolic extract of Echlipta alba was estimated by MTT assay and morphological studies. The results of the MTT assay and morphological study shown in Figs.1 & 2, revealed specific anticancer activity of the extract towards colon cancer cell line HCT-116 compared to breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) and renal cancer cell line (RCC-45). The plant extract exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) cytotoxicity towards HCT-116 cells in dose-dependent manner as compared to other cancer cells (PC-3, MCF-7 and RCC-45) while the normal cells WI-38 showed much less sensitivity. The IC-50 for HCT-116 cells was calculated to be 179 ± 0.81 μg/ml, whereas IC-50 values of MCF-7, PC-3 and RCC-45 cells were found to be 400 ± 1.01, 470 ± 1.04 and 498 ± 1.90 μg/ml, respectively (p < 0.05). Relatively much higher IC-50 (576 ± 0.98 μg/ml) of WI-38 supported relative nontoxicity/safety of the extract to the normal cells. Morphological studies, migration assay and clonogenic assays were carried out at 100 and 200 μg/ml concentrations of the extract. The concentrations were chosen based on IC-50 concentration of HCT-116 cells (179 ± 0.81 μg/ml). Morphological study also shows significant effect on the morphology of HCT-116 cells treated with the extract compared to vehicle treated ones; The cells were reduced in size and abnormally shrunken, compared to other cancer cell lines (PC-3, RCC-45, and MCF7) included in the assay where they showed very small or no difference with their vehicle treated counterparts (Fig.2). Notably, the extract showed negligible morphological change in normal WI-38 cells (Fig. 2). These results suggested that the toxicity of the extract is highly specific to colon cancer cells with non-toxicity to normal cells at a specific concentration.
Effect of Eclipta alba methanol extract on colony formation of HCT-116 cell
To further investigate anticancer potential of Eclipta alba on HCT-116 cells, colony formation assays were carried out. Generally the cancer cells have a tendency to grow in colonies in contact with the neighboring cells; losing the connection with the adjacent cells, results in the death of the cancer cells. Clonogenic assay reveals that treating the cells with the extract, significantly inhibited the colony formation of HCT-116 cells compared to the vehicle (DMSO) group, (Fig.3). The colonial/population density in each plate after the treatment was measured using Gel Doc and plotted. The density measurement revealed that the plant extract at 100 μg/ml (almost half the dose of IC-50) reduced the growth of colonies by more than 50% compared to control, while treating with the extract at 200 μg/ml (a dose closer to IC-50) decreased the colony formation by more than 90% in comparison with the control group. This assay further conformed the anticancer effect of the Eclipta alba extract.
Effect of Eclipta alba methanol extract on migration of HCT-116 cells
Wound healing assay was conducted to determine the effect of plant extract on migration capability of HCT-116 cells. The cells were seeded in 6-well plate and treated with a fixed concentration of EAME for 24 h and 48 h. the migration ability of cells were measured under inverted phase contrast microscope. The results of the experiment (Fig.4) reveals that, there was significant inhibition of wound healing or migration in EAME treated groups in tested concentrations (100 and 200 μg/ml) compared to vehicle treated group as there was no inhibition of wound healing, and the gap was almost covered in 48 h time. When HCT-116 cells were treated with100 μg/ml, a concentration close to about half of IC-50 value of the extract, for 24 h a clear inhibition of the migration of cells was noticed with no visible change in their morphology. However, a clear change in morphology of cells was noticed after 48 h of incubation in addition to a significant inhibition of their wound healing function. A clear morphological change along with inhibition of the migration in HCT-116 cells was observed even at 24 h incubation (and at 48 h, as expected) when treated with 200 μg/ml (IC50 179 ± 0.81 μg/ml) (Fig. 3). As expected, the sensitive cells started dying. These results again support the conclusion that this extract (EAME) has potential anticancer property against HCT-116 cells.
Discussion
The incidence of colon cancer has been increasing constantly because of the recent changes in life style which include consumption of foods with low/no vegetables and fruits, lack of physical activities/exercise, consumption of excess alcohol and exposure to hazardous chemical substances [19, 20]. Although routine check-up and early detection has reduced the death rate, yet colon cancer claims a large number of lives every year globally. Therefore, there is an urgent need for identifying novel therapeutics or drug candidates which will specifically act on the cancer cells without affecting the normal cells [21].
Here, we explored the anticancer activity of Eclipta alba methanol extract EAME against various human cancer cells such as HCT-116, PC-3, MCF-7 and RCC-45. WI-38 cells line was chosen to evaluate the effect of the extract on normal cells. These cells were selected based on the availability as well as on their sensitivity. Initial screening of anticancer activity of EAME was done on HCT-116, HT-29, PC-3, MCF-7, RCC-45 and H-1299 (lung cancer cell lines). Based on their sensitivities to this extract HCT-116, PC-3, MCF-7 and RCC-45 cells were then chosen for further studies. HCT-116 was more sensitive compared to HT-29 (may be due to presence of more mutated oncogenes in HT-29 compared to HCT-116), we decided to test with HCT-116 colon cancer cells and so did not continue with HT-29. More over as revealed here, the EAME showed very specific toxicity towards colon cancer cells HCT-116 compared to the other cancer cells PC-3, MCF-7 and RCC-45 cells (Fig.1). Notably, the toxicity of EAME to the colon cancer cells HCT-116 was more appreciated after identifying its relative nontoxicity on normal cells WI-38 based on all three types of assays used here (Figs. 1 & 2).
Cancer cells possess higher basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of its higher metabolic rate and other functions which is distinct from normal cells [22]. Elevated level of ROS is essential for cancer cells to grow, proliferate as well as for metastasis. At the same time an excess over the required level of ROS may lead cancer cells to oxidative stress and possible death [23]. Cancer cells in contrast to the normal cells were shown to carry limited antioxidant mechanism required to scavenge the excess ROS produced, and to prevent associated cellular damage [23]. It is possible that anticancer activity of the extract studied here is due to the presence of compounds that altered the redox balance essential for the survival of the HCT-116 cells. This activity may be either inducing ROS level or inhibiting the ROS level in HCT-116 cells [23]. Negligible toxicity of EAME towards the normal cell is probably due to the presence of strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms present in the normal cells [24]. β-sitosterol, a phytosterol isolated from methanolic extract of Eclipta alba was reported to possess antioxidant as well anticancer property, and induce apoptosis via caspase 8-dependent pathways in cancer cells [25]. The antioxidant mechanism shown by the other compounds i.e., wedelolactone, oleanolic acid and eclalbasaponins present in the EAME might be responsible for the observed activity against HCT-116 cells and negligible toxicity towards the normal cells. Further investigations on these compounds will be necessary to understand exact mechanism of specificity towards cancer cells in contrast to the normal cells. The IC-50 values of HCT-116, MCF-7, PC-3 and RCC-45, were found to be 179 ± 0.81, 400 ± 1.01, 470 ± 1.04 and 498 ± 1.90 μg/ml, respectively suggesting relative HCT-116 cell specific effect of Eclipta alba extract. The selectivity index (SI) (data not included) obtained from IC-50 values suggested the level of specificity towards the cells. The mechanism underling the cell specific toxicity induced by the extract may be the result of DNA damage as well. Although in general uncontrolled cellular growth due to change in multiple cellular pathways results in cellular transformation, yet different cancers are unique in their own way due to harboring their unique set of mutations [26]. In fact, many cancers carry their individual markers. Colon cancer was shown to be the results of chromosomal instability resulting in the activation of proto-oncogene KRAS. In addition, colorectal cancer also carry mutation in multiple tumor suppressors such as loss of p53, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the defect in the long arm of chromosome 18 due to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) [27]. HCT-116 cells carry KRAS mutation/activation. In many cases breast cancer is caused by mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes [28]. Therefore, relatively higher sensitivity of HCT-116 cells to this extract is the reflection of its unique genetic nature. Additional experimentation will be required to obtain a deeper insight into the cellular process targeted by the extract.
This study revealed that the extract efficiently blocked two essential properties required by cancer cells for their growth and proliferation, that is, the ability of cancer cells to grow and proliferate in forming colony and migrate for metastasis. The extract could block both of these essential properties of HCT-116 cells. In cancer cells metastasis is a complex biological process that includes invasion and migration of cancer cells; it is also a major cause of death in cancer patients. Currently, many independent groups are engaged to find suitable drug candidates to inhibit metastasis to control the growth of tumor [29]. The results presented here provided dependable evidence that the methanolic extract of Eclipta alba carries promising anti-colon cancer compounds which would be worth following-up in the future to understand and for possible therapeutic development.
Conclusion
The present study concludes that, the methanolic extract of Eclipta alba carries potent activity specifically against colorectal cancer cells HCT-116, with ideal characteristics such as with minimal toxicity towards normal cells WI-38. The results also revealed that the extract also significantly inhibited the colony formation and also the migration property of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. This unique mechanism can qualify the Eclipta alba extract to become a better treatment option for colon cancer patients as appropriate.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on request.
Abbreviations
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- EAME:
-
Eclipta alba methanol extract
References
Zhang Z, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang T, Cui Y, Huang C. Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:113.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.
Yadav NK, Arya RK, Dev K, Sharma C, Hossain Z, Meena S, Arya KR, Gayen JR, Datta D, Singh RK. Alcoholic Extract of Eclipta alba Shows In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity without Exhibiting Toxicological Effects. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:9094641.
Gothai S, Muniandy K, Mohd Esa N, Subbiah S, Arulselvan P. Anticancer potential of Alternanthera sessilis extract on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2018;8:394–402.
Wiman KG, Zhivotovsky B. Understanding cell cycle and cell death regulation provides novel weapons against human diseases. J Intern Med. 2017;281:483–95.
Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Biomarkers of gastric cancer. Current topics and future perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:2818–32.
Imran A, Qamar HY, Ali Q, Naeem H, Riaz M, Amin S, Kanwal N, Ali F, Sabar MF, Nasir IA. Role of Molecular Biology in Cancer Treatment: A Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46:1475–85.
Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY. Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:22.
Zaman A, Khan MS, Akter L, Syeed SH, Akter J, Al Mamun A, Alam ME, Habib MA, Jalil MA. Exploring new pharmacology and toxicological screening and safety evaluation of one widely used formulation of Nidrakar Bati from South Asia region. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:121.
Tambe R, Patil A, Jain P, Sancheti J, Somani G, Sathaye S. Assessment of luteolin isolated from Eclipta alba leaves in animal models of epilepsy. Pharm Biol. 2017;55:264–8.
Gupta R, Sharma AK, Dobhal MP, Sharma MC, Gupta RS. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia. J Diabetes. 2011;3:29–37.
Couder-García BDC, Jacobo-Herrera NJ, Zentella-Dehesa A, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Tavarez-Santamaría Z, Martínez-Vázquez M. The Phytosterol Peniocerol Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth in a Colon Cancer Xenograft Model. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1341.
Jahan R, Al-Nahain A, Majumder S, Rahmatullah M. Ethnopharmacological Significance of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae). Int Sch Res Notices. 2014;2014:385969.
Lombardi VR, Carrera I, Cacabelos R. In Vitro Screening for Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Extracts. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:2675631.
Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival. application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65:55–63.
Nelson VK, Ali A, Dutta N, Ghosh S, Jana M, Ganguli A, Komarov A, Paul S, Dwivedi V, Chatterjee S, et al. Azadiradione ameliorates polyglutamine expansion disease in Drosophila by potentiating DNA binding activity of heat shock factor 1. Oncotarget. 2016;7:78281–96.
Banerjee A, Ahmed H, Yang P, Czinn SJ, Blanchard TG. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and IRE-1 signaling cause apoptosis in colon cancer cells in response to andrographolide treatment. Oncotarget. 2016;7:41432–44.
Bolla SR, Mohammed Al-Subaie A, Yousuf Al-Jindan R, Papayya Balakrishna J, Kanchi Ravi P, Veeraraghavan VP, Arumugam Pillai A, Gollapalli SSR, Palpath Joseph J, Surapaneni KM. In vitro wound healing potency of methanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia saccata is possibly mediated by its stimulatory effect on collagen-1 expression. Heliyon. 2019;5:e01648.
Haggar FA, Boushey RP. Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009;22:191–7.
Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res. 2008;25:2097–116.
Ogbole OO, Segun PA, Adeniji AJ. In vitro cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants from Nigeria ethnomedicine on Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line and HPLC analysis of active extracts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17:494.
Liou GY, Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free Radic Res. 2010;44:479–96.
Qian Q, Chen W, Cao Y, Cao Q, Cui Y, Li Y, Wu J. Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer via Chinese Herbal Medicine. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:9240426.
Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Kardymon OL, Savvateeva MV, Melnikova NV, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA. ROS Generation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Normal and Malignant Cells. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:6175804.
Baskar AA, Ignacimuthu S, Paulraj GM, Al Numair KS. Chemopreventive potential of beta-Sitosterol in experimental colon cancer model--an in vitro and In vivo study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:24.
Bignell GR, Greenman CD, Davies H, Butler AP, Edkins S, Andrews JM, Buck G, Chen L, Beare D, Latimer C, et al. Signatures of mutation and selection in the cancer genome. Nature. 2010;463:893–8.
Armaghany T, Wilson JD, Chu Q, Mills G. Genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2012;5:19–27.
Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, Phillips KA, Mooij TM, Roos-Blom MJ, Jervis S, van Leeuwen FE, Milne RL, Andrieu N, et al. Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. JAMA. 2017;317:2402–16.
Khan MSS, Salam MA, Haque RSMA, Abdul Majid AMS, Abdul Majid ASB, Asif M, Basheer MKA, Tabana YM, Hsu TC. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and long-term single dose anti-cancer pharmacological evaluation of dimethyltin(IV) complex of N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (having ONS donor ligand). Cogent Biol. 2016;2(1):1–25.
Acknowledgements
The authors are highly obliged to Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Autonomous), Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the these works. Also we are thankful to Marri laxman Reddy Institute of Pharmacy for playing necessary role in preparing the manuscript. Finally our thanks are due to Dr. Mahadeb Pal, Prof. of Bose Institute, Kolkata, India for extending his support throughout the research work.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (Autonomous), Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, 515721, India
Vinod kumar Nelson&Hari hara Sudhan
Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Medchal, Dundigal, Telangana, 500043, India
Nalini Kanta Sahoo,Madhusmita Sahu&Kanuri Sai Muralikrishna
Department of Pharmacology, Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60016, India
Chitikela P. Pullaiah
Authors
- Vinod kumar Nelson
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nalini Kanta Sahoo
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Madhusmita Sahu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hari hara Sudhan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chitikela P. Pullaiah
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kanuri Sai Muralikrishna
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar
Contributions
VKN designed and done the entire experiments & wrote the manuscript. NKS and MS modified and edited the manuscript as per journal guidelines and are involved in submission of the work. HS and CPP helped in answering the review comments and redesigning. KSM did overall modification. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Vinod kumar Nelson.
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Nelson, V.k., Sahoo, N.K., Sahu, M. et al. In vitro anticancer activity of Eclipta alba whole plant extract on colon cancer cell HCT-116. BMC Complement Med Ther 20, 355 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03118-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03118-9
Keywords
- Colon cancer
- Eclipta alba
- Specificity
- Anticancer
- Nontoxic
- Normal cells